Dr. Mamtamayi Priyadarshini
India’s agrarian landscape has long been defined by its rich biodiversity and deeply rooted traditions in sustainable farming. Among the many staple crops that sustain the nation, maize holds a special place. For generations, Indian farmers have cultivated indigenous maize varieties, meticulously adapted to local climates and soils. These traditional strains embody a wealth of genetic diversity, equipping them with natural resilience to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. However, with the rapid push for agricultural modernization, the debate over genetically modified (GM) maize has intensified. While GM maize promises solutions to pest infestations and climate variability, a closer examination reveals that the preservation and promotion of non-GM maize is essential for ensuring food security, environmental sustainability, and economic stability.
Recognizing the importance of indigenous crops, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has been actively involved in developing climate-resilient new varieties of maize. In August 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated 109 such varieties, including maize, to the nation, underscoring India’s commitment to sustainable agriculture. Proponents of GM maize argue that GM Maize offers increased yields and pest resistance. However, global experiences serve as cautionary tales. In regions where GM maize has been widely cultivated, several issues have emerged. Over time, pests have developed resistance to the genetically engineered traits, leading to the emergence of super pests. A new study adds to evidence that farmers in the US corn belt have over-planted a type of genetically modified (GM) corn, leading to estimated losses of more than $1 billion as the pests the corn was designed to repel have grown resistant over time. The authors of the paper, which was published in the journal Science, said their findings supported a move toward a “more diversified” seed supply.
This necessitates the use of stronger chemical pesticides, which harm beneficial insects and disrupt ecosystems. GM maize cultivation has also been linked to soil degradation and loss of biodiversity. Monocropping of GM varieties reduces genetic variation, making crops more vulnerable to diseases and changing climate conditions. Furthermore, unlike traditional seeds, GM maize seeds often come with intellectual property restrictions, requiring farmers to purchase new seeds each season. This dependency can lead to mounting debts, as witnessed in the case of Bt cotton in India. The tragic association between Bt cotton and farmer suicides raises concerns about the economic risks of GM crop adoption. India’s approach to GM crops has been cautious. The regulatory framework governing GM maize remains complex and contentious. In September 2024, the government-initiated efforts to formulate a comprehensive policy on GM crops, addressing concerns related to human and animal health, environmental risks, and regulatory oversight. However, the absence of a unified policy has led to heated debates among experts and stakeholders. Further complicating the scenario, in January 2025, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change proposed amendments to enhance transparency in the decision-making processes of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC).
However, environmental activists criticized these changes as superficial and inconsistent with Supreme Court directives.
The demand for maize in India is projected to reach 40 million tonnes by 2025, driven by the feed industry and bioethanol sector. However, domestic production is expected to be around 35 million tonnes, indicating a potential shortfall. This gap has prompted discussions about the need for significant investments in research and development to enhance yields and meet growing demand. Additionally, poultry farmers, grappling with rising feed costs, have urged the government to remove import duties and lift restrictions on GM maize
environmental activists criticized these changes as superficial and inconsistent with Supreme Court directives.
The demand for maize in India is projected to reach 40 million tonnes by 2025, driven by the feed industry and bioethanol sector. However, domestic production is expected to be around 35 million tonnes, indicating a potential shortfall. This gap has prompted discussions about the need for significant investments in research and development to enhance yields and meet growing demand. Additionally, poultry farmers, grappling with rising feed costs, have urged the government to remove import duties and lift restrictions on GM maize
maize cultivation and contamination. Farmers should be educated about the long-term benefits of non-GM maize, helping them make informed decisions about seed selection and agricultural practices.
India stands at a critical juncture in its agricultural journey. The choice between embracing GM maize and preserving non-GM varieties is not just a technological decision but one with profound environmental, economic, and cultural implications. By investing in the research and development of indigenous crops, promoting organic farming, and ensuring robust regulatory frameworks, India can secure a future that honours its agricultural legacy while embracing sustainable progress. The story of Indian agriculture is deeply interwoven with the resilience and wisdom of its farmers. Non-GM maize, with its genetic diversity and cultural significance, is more than just a crop—it represents a commitment to sustainability, sovereignty, and self-reliance. As India moves forward, it is imperative to safeguard this invaluable heritage, ensuring a future where farmers thrive, biodiversity flourishes, and agricultural sovereignty remains intact.
Dr. Mamtamayi Priyadarshini
Environmentalist, Social Worker, and Trustee of Prashubhgiri (A Trust for Farmers’ Voices).
